I own a home in Arkansas
Homestead credit, property taxes, deeds, and storm damage.
From the homestead credit and annual vehicle assessment to the County Judge, tornado season, and starting a business, CountyOffices gives you clear Arkansas-specific guidance for the things that matter.
Reviewed against official Arkansas government sources • Updated as laws and requirements change
Homestead credit, property taxes, deeds, and storm damage.
Arkansas's Amendment 79 gives every homeowner two protections on their primary residence: an annual homestead tax credit currently up to $500 (increased from $425 starting with 2025 tax bills), and a cap limiting how much your home's assessed value can rise from reappraisal to 5% a year, versus 10% for non-owner-occupied and commercial property. If you're 65 or older or 100% disabled, your assessed value is frozen entirely and won't rise from reappraisal again, though your bill can still change if the local millage rate changes. None of this is automatic - you apply through your county Assessor, and the deadline to apply for the credit for the current tax year is October 15, the same date your property taxes are due. Deeds and mortgages on your property are recorded with the Circuit Clerk, a separate office from the Assessor and County Clerk.
Sources: Arkansas Dept. of Finance and Administration, county Assessor offices
Closings, title searches, deeds, recording fees, and property records.
Real estate closings in Arkansas typically go through a title company, with deeds recorded by the county Circuit Clerk rather than a separate recorder's office. Recording carries a real property transfer tax, generally split between buyer and seller by local custom though it's negotiable in the contract. A title search through the Circuit Clerk's records confirms there are no outstanding liens before closing. Once you buy, remember that your home's assessed value resets at market value in the year of the sale, so your first tax bill as the new owner is often higher than what the seller was paying under their 5% annual growth cap - and you'll need to file your own homestead credit application with the county Assessor by October 15, since the previous owner's credit doesn't transfer with the sale.
Sources: county Circuit Clerk offices, county Assessor offices
Safe rooms, weather alerts, insurance documents, and county resources.
Arkansas sits squarely in Dixie Alley, with tornado risk peaking in spring (March through May) and a real secondary risk in late fall that catches people off guard because they assume tornado season has passed. Before storms threaten, know whether your home has access to a safe room or community shelter - many Arkansas counties participate in state and FEMA-backed safe room rebate programs, run through the county's Office of Emergency Management. Sign up for county-level weather alerts, since notification methods (sirens, apps, reverse-911) vary by county. After a storm, your county Assessor can reassess storm-damaged property, and your county Circuit Clerk holds the property records you'll need for insurance and any FEMA claims if a federal disaster is declared for your county.
Sources: Arkansas Dept. of Emergency Management, FEMA, county Emergency Management offices
Probate, wills, estates, and county filing steps.
Probate in Arkansas runs through the Probate Division of Circuit Court, but it's the County Clerk, not the Circuit Clerk, who serves as clerk to the probate court - filing estate documents, swearing in witnesses in contested cases, and maintaining probate, adoption, and guardianship records. Arkansas offers a small estate affidavit process for estates under a statutory value threshold, letting heirs collect assets without a full probate administration, and a simplified track for slightly larger estates that qualify. Whether an estate needs full probate depends on its size, whether there's a will, and what kinds of property are involved. If the deceased owned a home, remember that the homestead tax credit and any senior value freeze on that property don't automatically carry forward to heirs - whoever inherits and occupies the home as their primary residence needs to file their own application with the county Assessor.
Sources: Arkansas Judiciary, county Clerk offices, Arkansas Code Title 28 (Probate)
Marriage licenses, divorce filing, name changes, and official records.
Marriage licenses in Arkansas are issued by the County Clerk, a different office from the Circuit Clerk who handles deeds and court filings - both parties apply together with photo ID, and there's no waiting period once the license is issued. Divorce runs through Circuit Court instead, filed in the county where either spouse resides, with Arkansas requiring at least 60 days of residency before filing and an additional statutory waiting period tied to the grounds cited. Arkansas allows both fault grounds and a no-fault option (18 months of separation), though many divorces proceed faster when both spouses agree to terms. After a divorce, restoring a former name is typically handled directly in the divorce decree rather than requiring a separate court petition. Marriage and divorce records, once finalized, are held at the county level - marriage licenses with the County Clerk, divorce decrees with the Circuit Clerk.
Sources: county Clerk and Circuit Clerk offices, Arkansas Code Title 9
Agricultural use values, land records, county roads, and rural services.
Arkansas offers agricultural use valuation for qualifying farmland, letting land be assessed based on its agricultural productivity rather than what it might fetch for development, which typically means a significantly lower tax bill for genuinely working land. Like all real property in Arkansas, farm and timber acreage is subject to Amendment 79's assessment growth caps, though the specific mechanics of agricultural use valuation work alongside those caps rather than replacing them. Your county Assessor determines whether land qualifies and applies the use valuation; ownership records and any recorded easements or right-of-way agreements affecting the property go through the county Circuit Clerk. Because Arkansas is 75 counties with a lot of rural land, county road and drainage district issues come up often for agricultural landowners - those questions typically go to the County Judge's office, which oversees county roads outside city limits.
Sources: Arkansas Assessment Coordination Division, county Assessor offices
Birth, death, marriage, court, property, and business records.
Birth and death certificates come from the Arkansas Dept. of Health's Vital Records office, though many county health units can also process requests. Marriage licenses and probate records are both held by the County Clerk in the county where they were filed - the County Clerk serves as clerk to the Probate Division of Circuit Court, in addition to issuing marriage licenses. Property records - deeds, mortgages, liens - and civil, criminal, and divorce court records are held separately by the Circuit Clerk, who acts as county recorder and clerk of Circuit Court. Business records are filed with the Arkansas Secretary of State's Business and Commercial Services division. For personal property tax and assessment history, that's the county Assessor, a separate office from all of the above.
Sources: Arkansas Dept. of Health, county Clerk and Circuit Clerk offices, Arkansas Secretary of State
Licenses, permits, EIN, sales tax, and local requirements.
Registering a business in Arkansas starts with the Secretary of State's Business and Commercial Services division, where you file to form an LLC or corporation and register a trade name. From there, most businesses register with the Arkansas Dept. of Finance and Administration for a sales tax permit if they'll sell taxable goods or services, and get an EIN from the IRS if they're not a sole proprietor with no employees. County and city governments add their own layer on top: many Arkansas cities require a local business license, and if you own tangible business personal property - equipment, inventory, furnishings - you're required to assess it with the county Assessor every year between January 1 and May 31, the same as a vehicle, or face a 10% late penalty. Zoning and building permits, for a physical location, come from your city or county separately.
Sources: Arkansas Secretary of State, Arkansas Dept. of Finance and Administration, IRS
Arkansas's County Judge is the county's chief executive, overseeing roads, budgets, and operations.
Arkansas's County Judge isn't a judge in the courtroom sense - the office is the county's chief executive, roughly equivalent to a county administrator or executive in other states. The County Judge oversees county roads and bridges, manages the county budget alongside the Quorum Court, signs contracts and county expenditures, and administers county employees and departments outside the separately elected offices (Assessor, Clerk, Sheriff, Treasurer, and so on). The office does retain limited judicial authority over certain county administrative matters, which is where the "judge" title comes from historically, but for day-to-day purposes it functions as an executive branch role. If you have a question about a county road, a drainage issue, or general county operations, the County Judge's office is usually where to start.
Sources: Arkansas Constitution Article 7, county Judge offices
The county legislature is a Quorum Court made up of elected Justices of the Peace.
Arkansas counties don't have a "county commission" or "board of supervisors" the way many states do - the county legislative body is called the Quorum Court, made up of elected Justices of the Peace (JPs) representing districts within the county. Despite the name, Justices of the Peace in Arkansas don't hear court cases; the title is a holdover, and their actual role is legislative - passing county ordinances, approving the county budget presented by the County Judge, setting the tax millage rate, and filling vacancies in certain elected county offices, including on the County Judge's own office if it becomes vacant. The number of Justices of the Peace varies by county, generally between 9 and 15 depending on population. If you want to weigh in on a county budget decision or a local ordinance, the Quorum Court, not the County Judge alone, is where those decisions get voted on.
Sources: Arkansas Constitution Article 7, Association of Arkansas Counties
Personal property, including your car, must be assessed with the county each year to renew your tags.
Unlike most states, where you only deal with your local tax office when you buy or sell a vehicle, Arkansas requires an annual personal property assessment for every vehicle, boat, trailer, motorcycle, ATV, and piece of farm or business equipment you own. Each year between January 1 and May 31, you have to report your personal property to the county Assessor - even if nothing has changed from last year - and missing the May 31 deadline triggers an automatic 10% late penalty that can't be removed once applied. Most counties let you reassess online or by phone if you have no new property to add, but new residents or anyone adding a vehicle not previously assessed generally need to visit the Assessor's office in person. This isn't optional paperwork: Arkansas requires proof of current-year assessment before you can renew vehicle tags, so skipping it holds up your registration too.
Sources: Arkansas Assessment Coordination Division, county Assessor offices
Amendment 79 gives homeowners a credit on their tax bill, with a value freeze for 65 and older.
Arkansas voters passed Amendment 79 in 2000 to soften rising property taxes, and it gives every owner-occupied primary residence two protections. First, an annual tax credit currently up to $500 (raised from $425 starting with 2025 tax bills) applied directly against your property tax bill. Second, a cap on how much your home's assessed value can grow from reappraisal - 5% a year for a homestead, versus 10% for non-owner-occupied and commercial property. If you're 65 or older, or 100% disabled under Social Security Administration standards, your homestead's assessed value is frozen entirely and can't rise from reappraisal again, even if the freeze is applied after a later purchase. None of this happens automatically - you have to apply with your county Assessor, and the deadline to apply for the credit for the current tax year is October 15.
Sources: Arkansas Dept. of Finance and Administration, county Assessor offices, Arkansas Constitution Amendment 79
Deeds and court records go through the Circuit Clerk; marriage licenses and probate through the County Clerk.
Arkansas splits recordkeeping between two separate elected clerks, and which one you need depends on what you're looking for. The Circuit Clerk serves as clerk of Circuit Court (civil, criminal, and domestic relations cases including divorce) and also acts as the county's ex-officio recorder, handling deeds, mortgages, liens, and other property-related filings. The County Clerk, by contrast, is the county's bookkeeper and serves as clerk to the County Court, the Quorum Court, and the Probate Division of Circuit Court - which means marriage licenses, probate and estate filings, voter registration, and election administration all go through the County Clerk, not the Circuit Clerk. In smaller counties the two offices are sometimes combined under one elected Circuit/County Clerk, but in larger counties they're separate offices with separate staff, so it's worth confirming which one you need before you make a trip to the courthouse.
Sources: Arkansas Constitution Article 7, county Clerk and Circuit Clerk offices
Real estate and personal property taxes are both due by October 15 each year.
Arkansas concentrates a surprising number of property-related deadlines on a single date: October 15. That's when real estate and personal property taxes are both due (not just one or the other), and it's also the deadline to apply for the current year's Amendment 79 homestead tax credit with your county Assessor. Miss October 15 for taxes and you'll face penalties and interest on the unpaid balance; miss it for the homestead credit application and you typically lose that credit for the year, though the underlying homestead status itself isn't affected going forward. This is a different calendar than the personal property assessment deadline, which falls earlier in the year on May 31 - so Arkansas residents are really working with two separate deadlines each year, not one, and it's easy to confuse the two if you're new to the state.
Sources: county Assessor and Collector offices, Arkansas Dept. of Finance and Administration
Arkansas county records online availability has improved significantly in recent years. The Arkansas Court Connect portal at caseinfo.arcourts.gov provides online access to Circuit Court case information for many counties. The Arkansas Assessment Coordination Division maintains a statewide property assessment portal. Many counties provide property tax and deed records through county websites or third-party platforms. Vital records require ordering through the Arkansas Department of Health. For Arkansas county records not available online, the state's FOIA at Arkansas Code Annotated Section 25-19-101 provides a strong framework for written requests with a three-business-day response requirement for inspection.
Arkansas birth and death certificates from 1914 onward are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Health, Division of Vital Records in Little Rock. Certified copies can be ordered online through VitalChek, by mail, or in person at the Little Rock office. Birth records are restricted to the individual named, immediate family members, and legal representatives. Pre-1914 births and deaths are found in county registers and church records, with many collections held by the Arkansas State Archives. Some counties maintained local birth registers before state-level recording began that contain information not duplicated in state records.
Arkansas county records for real property are held by the Circuit Clerk in the county where the property is located. Unlike most states with a separate Register of Deeds, the Circuit Clerk in Arkansas records both court cases and property instruments including deeds, mortgages, and liens. Most larger Arkansas counties provide online deed searching through the Circuit Clerk's website or third-party platforms. Property tax assessment data is held separately by the County Assessor, and tax billing and collection records are maintained by the County Collector. Researchers need to contact all three offices for a complete picture of a property's history.
The Arkansas Court Connect portal at caseinfo.arcourts.gov provides online access to Circuit Court case information across many Arkansas counties. Coverage varies by county and court division, and the portal shows case docket information rather than scanned case documents. For complete case files, orders, and judgments, contact the Circuit Clerk in the county where the case was filed. Arkansas county records for probate matters are held within the Circuit Court's probate division and are accessible through the same Circuit Clerk. Fees for certified copies of court documents are set by state statute.
The Arkansas State Archives in Little Rock is the central repository for historical Arkansas county records, holding deed books, court minutes, probate files, and tax records from many counties across all 75 counties. The Arkansas State Archives digital portal provides online access to a growing portion of these holdings. FamilySearch has digitized significant collections of Arkansas county records microfilm. County libraries and genealogical societies across the state maintain local collections. For researchers tracing African American ancestry, Freedmen's Bureau records available through the National Archives and FamilySearch are an essential supplement to courthouse records for the post-Civil War period.
Arkansas's Freedom of Information Act at Arkansas Code Annotated Section 25-19-101 is one of the strongest open records laws in the South. Submit a written or oral request to the custodian of records at the relevant county agency. The agency must permit inspection within three business days and provide copies within a reasonable time, with fees limited to actual reproduction costs. No reason for the request is required. If a request is denied, the agency must provide written notice citing the applicable exemption. Disputes can be pursued in circuit court, and courts have awarded attorney fees in cases of wrongful denial of Arkansas county records.
The County Clerk in Arkansas is the administrative clerk of the Quorum Court and maintains county government records distinct from the Circuit Clerk's court and property records. Arkansas county records held by the County Clerk include Quorum Court minutes, county ordinances, marriage licenses, election records, and certain business and professional license applications. The County Clerk issues marriage licenses, making it the starting point for marriage record research. County Clerk records often reflect the administrative decisions of county government and are useful for tracing county policy history and local government activities.
Marriage licenses in Arkansas are issued by the County Clerk in the county where the license was obtained. To obtain a copy, contact the County Clerk with the names of both parties and the approximate marriage date. The Arkansas Department of Health also holds marriage records from 1917 onward and can provide certified copies. Historical marriage records before 1917 are found in County Clerk files and microfilm held by the Arkansas State Archives. FamilySearch provides indexed and digitized Arkansas marriage records from many counties. Some early Arkansas county records include marriage bonds and consent records predating formal license requirements.
Arkansas criminal history records are maintained by the Arkansas State Police, Criminal History Section. The public can request a criminal background check through the Arkansas State Police online portal for a fee. Individual county-level criminal case records within Arkansas county records are accessible through the Arkansas Court Connect portal or by contacting the Circuit Clerk in the county where the case was heard. Certified criminal history information requires a formal Arkansas State Police request with identifying information and applicable fees. Records of arrests not resulting in conviction may be expungeable under Arkansas law.
Free access to Arkansas county records for land varies by county. Some counties provide free online deed searching through the Circuit Clerk's website. Others use third-party platforms that may charge subscription or per-search fees. Searching in person at the Circuit Clerk's office is generally free. The Arkansas Assessment Coordination Division's statewide portal provides free access to property assessment data. Older Arkansas county records digitized by the Arkansas State Archives or FamilySearch are generally available free online. Certified copies of recorded documents carry per-page fees set by state statute.
The Quorum Court is the governing body of each Arkansas county, composed of elected justices of the peace representing geographic districts within the county. The Quorum Court adopts the county budget, enacts county ordinances, and sets county policy. The County Judge serves as the presiding officer and chief executive. Arkansas county records generated by the Quorum Court include meeting minutes, budget documents, and adopted ordinances, all maintained by the County Clerk. The term "quorum court" is unique to Arkansas and reflects the 19th-century requirement that a quorum of justices be present for county business to proceed.
Fees for Arkansas county records vary by record type and county. Arkansas's FOIA limits copying fees to the actual cost of reproduction for most public records. Certified copies of deeds and court documents carry per-page fees established by state statute. The Arkansas Department of Health charges fixed fees for certified copies of birth, death, and marriage certificates. Probate court fees for copies of wills or estate inventories are set by the Circuit Court. Contacting the relevant county office before submitting a request is the best way to confirm current fee schedules and whether records are available for remote delivery.
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Get Help Now → Private. Secure. Always free.Arkansas runs a genuinely full property calendar with several distinct dates worth tracking.
Arkansas runs a genuinely full property calendar with several distinct dates worth tracking. Personal property - every vehicle, trailer, boat, ATV, or piece of livestock you own - must be assessed with your county Assessor between January 1 and May 31 each year; miss May 31 and a 10% late penalty applies automatically. New residents or anyone adding a newly acquired vehicle must assess in person with proof of purchase; those simply reassessing unchanged property can often do so online or by phone. If you disagree with your property's assessed value, the deadline to appeal to your county Board of Equalization is the third Monday in August. Then, on October 15, two separate obligations land on the same date: your real estate and personal property taxes are both due, and this is also the deadline to apply for the Homestead Credit under Amendment 79 if you haven't already. Because your vehicle can't be re-tagged without a current-year assessment on file, missing the May 31 assessment deadline creates a real, practical problem beyond just the tax penalty - you won't be able to renew your tags until it's resolved.
Sources: Arkansas Assessment Coordination Division, county Assessor and Collector offices, Arkansas Code §26-26-1408 and §26-27-317
If you disagree with your property's assessed value in Arkansas, you have until the third Monday in August to file an appeal with your county's Board of Equalization - a real, hard deadline set by state law, not one your specific county can adjust.
If you disagree with your property's assessed value in Arkansas, you have until the third Monday in August to file an appeal with your county's Board of Equalization - a real, hard deadline set by state law, not one your specific county can adjust. Before formally appealing, it's often worth an informal conversation directly with the county Assessor's office first, since many valuation disagreements get resolved without ever needing a Board hearing - bring comparable sales, documentation of property condition issues, or an independent appraisal to make your case either informally or before the Board. The Board of Equalization is a citizen panel distinct from the Assessor's office that set the original value, and it reviews evidence from both sides before ruling. If the Board's decision doesn't resolve things in your favor, further appeal to county court remains available as the next step. This appeal window applies to real estate valuation; personal property assessments (vehicles, boats, and similar) follow their own separate January 1-May 31 reporting window rather than this Board of Equalization appeal process, since personal property assessment is more about reporting what you own than disputing a value the county assigned.
Read the full property tax appeal guide →
Sources: Arkansas Assessment Coordination Division, county Assessor and Board of Equalization offices, Arkansas Code §26-27-317
The Arkansas Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) gives residents genuinely broad access to records held by state and local government, built on a presumption that public records are open unless a specific exemption applies.
The Arkansas Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) gives residents genuinely broad access to records held by state and local government, built on a presumption that public records are open unless a specific exemption applies. You generally don't need to state a reason for your request or prove a personal interest in the records - the law's default runs toward disclosure. Common exemptions include certain law enforcement investigative files, some personnel and medical records, and specific categories the legislature has carved out by statute, but the FOIA's broad reach is genuinely one of its notable features nationally. Real estate records - deeds, mortgages, liens - are recorded and searchable through the Circuit Clerk in most Arkansas counties, though a handful of counties elect a separate Recorder. Court records for civil and criminal matters also come from the Circuit Clerk, while probate and marriage license records come from the County Clerk - two related but genuinely distinct county offices worth knowing apart. Business entity records are filed with the Arkansas Secretary of State, searchable statewide. If a records request is denied, the specific FOIA exemption should be cited, and disputes can ultimately go to circuit court, with Arkansas's FOIA including provisions for genuinely fast judicial review of records disputes.
Read the full open records guide →
Sources: Arkansas Attorney General's Office, Arkansas Code §25-19-101 et seq. (Freedom of Information Act), county Circuit Clerk and County Clerk offices
Arkansas sits in a real tornado risk zone, with two distinct peak windows - a primary severe weather season in spring (March through May) and a genuine secondary peak in late fall (November), a pattern many residents outside the region don't expect.
Arkansas sits in a real tornado risk zone, with two distinct peak windows - a primary severe weather season in spring (March through May) and a genuine secondary peak in late fall (November), a pattern many residents outside the region don't expect. Know your county's warning system and, if you have one, your safe room or storm shelter location before severe weather season starts. Your county Office of Emergency Management coordinates local warnings and immediate response when severe weather threatens, and Arkansas has supported residential and community safe room grant programs given the state's tornado history. After a tornado or storm causes damage, your county Assessor can adjust your property's valuation to reflect the damage, and if a federal disaster is declared, FEMA assistance becomes available for both individual homeowners and local government recovery costs - apply through FEMA once a declaration covers your county. Insurance claims should be filed promptly with thorough documentation (photos, a written inventory, receipts for emergency repairs), since claim processes carry their own timelines. Building permits for storm repairs and rebuilds go through your county or city building department, and rules can differ depending on whether you're rebuilding in a floodplain versus simply repairing storm damage elsewhere.
Sources: Arkansas Dept. of Emergency Management, FEMA, county Office of Emergency Management and Assessor offices
As a new Arkansas resident, one of your first practical steps is assessing any vehicles, trailers, boats, or similar personal property with your county Assessor - new residents must do this in person (bringing your vehicle registration for each item), and the deadline is May 31 for that calendar year, with a 10% penalty afterward.
As a new Arkansas resident, one of your first practical steps is assessing any vehicles, trailers, boats, or similar personal property with your county Assessor - new residents must do this in person (bringing your vehicle registration for each item), and the deadline is May 31 for that calendar year, with a 10% penalty afterward. This assessment isn't optional busywork: you can't renew your tags without a current-year assessment on file, so this genuinely blocks routine vehicle business if skipped. For a driver's license, check with the Arkansas Dept. of Finance and Administration for the current specific window to transfer an out-of-state license. If you've purchased a home, apply for the Homestead Credit under Amendment 79 through your county Assessor - the deadline is October 15, the same date your property taxes themselves are due. If you're 65 or older, ask about the accompanying assessment freeze available alongside the homestead credit. Register to vote through your County Clerk's office, the same office handling marriage licenses and probate matters (deeds and court records instead go through the Circuit Clerk - two genuinely distinct county offices). Local business licenses, if you're opening one, vary by city and county, so check both levels for your specific location.
Sources: Arkansas Dept. of Finance and Administration, Arkansas Assessment Coordination Division, county Assessor, County Clerk, and Circuit Clerk offices
Arkansas laws apply statewide, but offices, services, procedures and local requirements can vary by county. Select your county for verified local offices, services and official resources.
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